The summary, analysis and personal commentary Essay

The summary, analysis and personal commentary - Essay Example Paramount to the function of accounting principles is the commonness that it provides for financial record maintenance. The outcome is that it is simple to compare the financial position of related entities. Secondly, they enhance transparency. Accounting values are intended to impose transparency in businesses. This type of transparency is particularly imperative in the case of public organizations, such as states or publicly traded corporations. Rules restrict the freedom and flexibility of organizations to use smart accounting to move things around or conceal them (Yu & Wahid p. 1898). Thirdly, they serve the role of relevance. Standards work to assist entities give the most appropriate data in the most realistic way possible. In this way, institutions guided by accounting principles will produce the type of financial information that observers are mainly interested in examining. Finally, the significance of accounting standards lies in the worth that it brings to financial records for the assorted audiences that sight and makes important decisions based on it. A nonexistence of accounting principles would make the effort of shareholders, regulators, duty payers, reporters and others more complex and more hazardous. Standards signify that taxpayers can observe how their tariff dollars are being used up, and regulators can guarantee that rules are adhered to (Yu & Wahid

Scheme of Instruction, Examination and Syllabus Essay Example for Free

Scheme of Instruction, Examination and Syllabus Essay NOTE: EHM indicates that the course is drafted by the Department of Humanities. EME indicates that the course is drafted by the Department of Mechanical Engineering. ECE indicates that the course is drafted by the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering. EEE indicates that the courses is drafted by Department of Electrical Engineering. EEM indicates that the courses is drafted by Engineering Mathematics Department. EEP indicates that the course is drafted by Engineering Physics Department ECE 320 Soft Skills is common for all Branches ENG 1001 ENGLISH – I Credits 2 Periods Theory Tutorial / Lab 2 1 Exam Hrs. 3 Sessional Marks 30 Exam Marks 70 Total Marks 100 The emphasis on English Language is enormously increasing as an effective medium of communication in all sectors the World over. As a consequence of this, the acquisition of effective communication skills in English has become most important to the students to flourish in their careers. In this connection there is a need to train the students to equip themselves with the necessary skills required for effective communication in English thereby enabling them to get a good placement immediately after the completion of their under-graduate courses. To meet the objectives of developing proficiency in English communication the following curriculum is designed for favorable consideration. CURRICULUM: THEORY AND PRACTICE (LANGUAGE LAB) 1. A textbook with focus on skills approach. Intended to develop the language skills of Listening, Speaking, Reading Writing. 2. Vocabulary a) One – Word Substitution b) Words often Confused – Pairs of Words c) Synonyms and Antonyms d) Foreign Phrases e) Phrasal verbs derived from the following dynamic verbs Go, Get, Run, Take, Look, Hold, Put, Stand, Etc. f) Idioms and Phrases 3. Grammar a) Error Analysis b) Tense c) Voice d) Concord e) Articles and Prepositions 4. Writing Skills a) Prà ©cis Writing b) Note Making c) Letter Writing – (Letters of Enquiry, Invitation, Regret, Congratulations, Condolences, Complaint, Breaking the ice.) d) Reading Comprehension e) Content Writing : Paragraph Writing and Essay Writing Practice (Language Lab) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Spoken English : Varieties Speech Mechanism The consonant and vowel sounds of English Word Accent Accent in Connected Speech Rhythm and Intonation conversation Textbook Prescribed: Select essays and short stories from Srivastava, B., and Mahesari, V.K. (Ed.) Modes of English Prose (An Anthology of prose selections). Reference Books: 1. Sharma, G.V.L.N., English for Engineering Students. 2. Margaret M Maison, Examine your English, Macmillan 3. Krishnaswami, N. and Sriram, T., Current English for Colleges, Macmillan 4. Krishnaswami, N. and Sriram T., Creative English for Communication, Macmillan. ENG 1002 MATHEMATICS – I Credits 4 Periods Theory Tutorial / Lab 3 Exam Hrs. 3 Sessional Marks 30 Exam Marks 70 Total Marks 100 Partial Differentiation and its Applications Functions of two or more variables, partial derivatives, homogenous functions – Eular’s Theorem, Total Derivative, Differentiation of implicit functions, Geometrical interpretation – Tangent plane and normal to a surface. Change of variables, Jacobians, Taylor’s theorem for functions of two variables, Jacobians, Taylor’s theorem for functions of two variables, Errors and approximations, Total differential, Maxima and minima of functions two variables, Lagrange’s method of undetermined multiples, Differentiation under the integral sign – Leibnitz Rule, Involutes and evolutes. Multiple Integrals and their Applications Double integrals, Change of order of integration, Double integrals in polar coordinates, Areas enclosed by plane curves, Triple integrals, Volume of solids, Change of variables, Area of a curve of a curved surface, Calculation of mass, center of gravity, center pressure, Moment o f inertia, Product of inertia, Principle axes, Beta function, Gamma function, Relation between Beta and Gamma functions, Error function or probability integral. Solid Geometry (Vector Treatment) Equation of a plane, Equation of straight line, Condition for a line to lie in a plane, Coplanar lines, Shortest distance between two lines, Interaction of three planes, Equation of sphere, Tangent plane to a sphere, Cone, Cylinder, Quadric surfaces. Infinite Series Definitions, Convergence, Divergence and oscillation of a series, General properties, Series of positive terms, comparison tests, Integral test, D’Alembert’s ratio test, Raabe’s test, Logarithmic test, Cauchy’s root test, Alternating series – Leibnitz’s rule, Series of positive or negative terms, Power series, Convergence of exponential, Logerithmic and bionomial series, Uniform convergence, Weirstrass M-test, Properties of uniformly convergent series. Fourier Series Eular’s formulae, Conditions for a Fourier expansion, Functions having point of discontinuity, Change of interval, Odd and even functions – Expansions of odd or even periodic function, Half range series, Parseval formula, Practical harmonic analysis. Textbooks: Higher Engineering mathematics by B.S. Grewal Mathematics for Engineering by Chandrica Prasad Reference Books: Higher Engineering Mathematics by M.K. Venkatraman Advanced Engineering Mathematics by Erwin Kreyzig Textbooks: Theory of Matrices by Shantinarayanan Higher Engineering Mathematics by B.S. Grewal Advanced Mathematics for Engineering Students, Manieavachgon Pillay, Ramanaiah Reference Books: Higher Engineering Mathematics by M.K. Venkataraman Advanced Engineering Mathematics by Erwin Kreyozig Engineering Mathematics by P.P. Gupta A textbook on Engineering Mathematics by N.P. Bali ENG 1004 PHYSICS THEORY Credits 4 Thermodynamics Heat and work, First law of thermodynamics and applications, Reversible and irreversible process, Carnot cycle and efficiency, Entropy, Second law of thermodynamics, Entropy and disorder, Entropy and Probability, Third law of thermodynamics, Thermography and its applications. Electromagnetism Concept of electric field – Point charge in electric field, Dipole in an electric field, Gauss law, Some applications, Electric potential and field strength, Potential due to a point charge and dipole. Magnetic field – Magnetic force on current, Torque on current loop, Hall effect, Ampere’s law, B near a long wire, B for a solenoid and toroid, The Biot-Savart’s law, B for a circular current loop. Faraday’s law of induction, Lenz’s law, Calculation of inductance, L-R circuit, Energy stored in magnetic field, Induced magnetic fields, Displacement current, Energy density in electric and magnetic fields, Poyn ting vector S. Maxwell’s equations and electromagnetic waves (both differential and integral forms), Magnetic properties of materials, Paramagnetism, Diamagnetism, Ferromagnetism, Ferrite and its applications. Optics Interference – Principles and superposition – Young’s experiment – Coherence – Interference of thin films, Wedge shaped film, Newton’s rings, Michelson interferometer and its applications. Diffraction – Single slit (Qualitative and quantitative treatment). Polarisation – Polarisation by reflection, Refraction and double refraction in uniaxial crystals, Nicol prism, Quarter and half wave plate, circular and elliptical polarization and detection. Lasers and Fibre Optics Spontaneous and stimulated emissions, population inversions, Ruby laser, Gas laser, Semiconductor laser, Applications of lasers. Fibre optics, Optical fibre and total internal reflection, Acceptance angle and cone of a fibre, Fibre optics in communications, Optical parts in fibre, Fibre optic sensors. Periods Tutorial / Lab Exam Hrs. 3 Sessional Marks 30 Exam Marks 70 Total Marks 100 Theory 3 Ultrasonics Production of ultrasonics by magnetostriction and piezoelectric effects – Ultrasonics and diffraction pattern, Applications of Ultrasonics. Modern Physics The quantization of energy, Photoelectric effect, De Broglie concept of matter waves, uncertainty principle, Schrodinger wave equation, application to a particle in a box. Elementary concepts of Maxwell-Boltzman, Bose-Einstein’s and Fermi dirac statics, Fermi dirac distribution function (no derivations), Free electron theory of metals, Band theory of solids, Kronig penny model, Metals, Insulators and Semiconductors, Ferroelectrics and their applications. Super conductivity, Meisner effect, Types of superconductors and applications of superconductors. Nanophase materials – Synthesis, Characterization of nanostructured materials, properties and applications. Renewable Energies – Solar, Wind and tidal – Applications. Books Recommended: 1. Engineering Physics by R.K. Gaur and S.D. Gupta 2. Physics by David Halliday and Robert Resnick – Part I and Part II 3. Modern Engineering Physics by A.S. Vadudeva 4. University Physics by Young and Freedman 5. Materials Science by V. Rajendra and A. Marikani 6. Nonconventional Energy by Ashoke V. Desai

Stress Corrosion Cracking of Brass in Ammonia

Stress Corrosion Cracking of Brass in Ammonia Six samples of brass were taken, stamped to induce residual stress, were then exposed ammonia and ammoniacal copper sulphate solutions of different concentrations and composition for a period of 4 days to study the corrosion characteristics of brass in ammonia. Five samples were immersed in the solution and one of the samples was suspended above solution. On visual examination of the samples revealed some corrosion products with stress corrosion cracking on the surface of brass. Microscopy analysis showed that the non-suspended sample which was exposed to ammonia vapour in presence of moisture and oxygen produced high susceptibility to SCC than immersion samples in aqueous ammonia. The cupric ion present in the solution appears as an oxidant that provides a cathodic reaction and induces stress corrosion cracking of brass in ammonia and ammoniacal solutions. INTRODUCTION: There are three factors under which stress corrosion cracking is possible a) corrosive medium/environment b) material and c) tensile stress. The corrosive medium to induce stress corrosion cracking depends on the potential, pH and temperature. The stress can be applied stress or residual stress. Stress corrosion cracking can occur in lower stress also hence it is the environment which plays a major role. Many studies carried out revealed that failures of brass occur mainly in moist conditions where ammonia, water and oxygen are present. Time of cracking depends on the pH of the solution. Dezincification of copper alloy is possible when the zinc content present is sufficient enough. The aim of this experimental work was to investigate the corrosion behaviour of brass in ammonia. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE: Six brass samples and five test solutions were used in the experiment to study the stress-corrosion cracking of brass. The brass samples were labelled A, B, C, D, E, and F following the residual stress given to them by stamping these letters into their surfaces using drill bits. The stamp was done at one end of the samples while the unstressed part served as the control for the experiment. The solutions serving as the test environments were also labelled using the letters 4A, 4B, 4C, 4D, 4E, 4F and their compositions are shown below. Compositions and colours of test solution observed before immersion Solution Label Composition Colour observed before sample immersion A Ammonium Sulphate with copper (II): 0.5M (NH4)SO4 + 0.05M CuSO4 Pale blue B Ammonia solution with copper (II): 2.5M NH4OH + 0.05M CuSO4 Dark blue C Mattsons solution at pH of 7.2 Medium blue D Modified Mattsons solution containing 5% by volume of 0.1M NaCl Medium blue E 1M Ammonia solution Colourless The labelled samples were placed in the glass jar provided and five of the test samples were filled with enough test solution (10mm) to ensure complete immersion of the sample. Excessive alteration of the concentration of the NH3 solution was avoided by covering the top of the containers. The sixth sample was suspended above solution E (1M NH3 solution) in a glass jar (4F) by means of a surgical nylon string. After sufficient exposure of the samples to the solutions for a period of four days, the samples were removed. The samples were visually examined first upon removal from the test solutions. The colours of the test solutions and corrosion products were recorded before the test samples were cleaned. The test samples were cleaned and rinsed in the pickling solution of 1M sulphuric acid solution in order to remove corrosion products formed on the surface of brass followed by rinsing with deionised water. Finally the samples were dried with tissues before being examined under an optical microscope for stress-corrosion cracking. RESULT AND DISCUSSION: Sample observation after exposure of 4 days to test solutions: Test Label Test Observation from visual examination and optical microscopy Reason 1 Brass sample immersed in solution A Solution remained pale blue. No cracks were seen.corrrosion products found. Localized Corrosion damage at the stressed area observed back of the sample Stress-corrosion cracking may occur with further exposure to the solution. 2 Brass sample immersed in solution B for 4 days Solution was darker compared to the original solution. Brass sample in tarnish condition (dark brown colouration). Crack at the stressed end. Stress-corrosion cracking of the sample. 3 Brass sample immersed in solution C No significant change in solution colour. No cracks were seen.corrrosion products found. Sample shows low possibilities to SCC 4 Brass sample immersed in solution D Dark brown corrosion products. Localized corrosion damage at the stressed end. No cracks seen. Stress-corrosion cracking may occur with further exposure to the solution. 5 Brass sample immersed in solution E Solution changed from colourless to light pale blue. Cracks seen. Colour change is likely due to formation of cupric ion, Cu2+. Stress-corrosion cracking at the stressed end. 6 Brass sample suspended above solution E Solution remained colourless. Tarnish film covering almost the entire surface. Cracks seen at stressed region Stress-corrosion cracking of the sample at the stressed end. Tarnish film likely to be cuprous oxide, Cu2O. Sample A:- A-1 A-2 Fig 1: Sample A immersed for 4 days in solution Ammonium Sulphate with copper (II): 0.5M (NH4)SO4 + 0.05M CuSO4 OBSERVATION: No stress corrosion cracking observed at the stressed end of the sample Fig A-1.some corrosion product was noticed on the back side of the sample Fig A-2. Sample B:- B-1 B-2 Fig 2: Sample B immersed for 4 days in solution Ammonia solution with copper (II): 2.5M NH4OH + 0.05M CuSO4 OBSERVATION: Stress corrosion cracking observed at the stress end and near the unstressed region just near to the stressed end Fig B-1.Dark corrosion product observed on the backside of the sample Fig B-2. Nature of cracks: Intergranular Sample C:- C-1 C-2 Fig 3: Sample C immersed for 4 days in Mattsons solution at pH of 7.2 OBSERVATION: No cracking or any other significant changes observed in this sample after even 4 days of exposure. Only dark corrosion products were observed on the sample. Sample D:- D-1 Fig 4: Sample D immersed for 4 days in Modified Mattsons solution containing 5% by volume of 0.1M NaCl OBSERVATION: No cracking or any other significant changes observed in this sample after even 4 days of exposure. Only dark corrosion products were observed on the sample. Sample E:- Fig: E-1 Fig: E-2 Fig 5: Sample D immersed for 4 days in 1M ammonia solution. OBSERVATION: Stress corrosion cracking observed at the stress end extending to the edges and Dark corrosion product observed on the backside of the sample Fig E-1 and E-2. Nature of cracks: Intergranular Sample F:- Fig: F-1 Fig: F-2 Fig 5: Sample D suspended above in 1M ammonia solution for 4 days. OBSERVATION: Stress corrosion cracking observed at the stress end extending to the edges and Dark corrosion product observed on the backside of the sample Fig F-1 and F-2. Nature of cracks: Intergranular. From Optical microscopy analysis it is evident that sample B (Fig 2 B1B2) immersed in a test solution containing Ammonia solution with copper (II):2.5M NH4OH + 0.05M CuSO4 , Sample E (Fig5-E1E2) suspended above the test solution of 1M Ammonia solution and Sample F (Fig6 F1F2) suspended above the test solution of 1M Ammonia solution had under gone stress corrosion cracking and shows that only in some particular environment SCC occurs. Apart from stress corrosion cracking dark tarnish corrosion product was observed which could possibly be oxide layer of copper. Rest of the three samples A (Fig1 A1 A2) immersed in a test solution containing Ammonium Sulphate with copper (II): 0.5M (NH4)SO4 + 0.05M CuSO4 , C (Fig 3 C1C2) immersed in a test solution of Mattssons solution at pH 7.2 and D (Fig 4 D) immersed in a test solution of Modified Mattsons solution containing 5% by Volume of 0.1M NaCl did not show any cracking but had tarnish corrosion product. These samples suffered localized corrosion at the stressed edges which can be seen in back side of the above 3 samples (Fig A2 C2). The electrochemical reactions of brass in ammonia environment are as follows: Copper free aqueous ammonia is oxygen reduction and primary oxidation reaction is oxidation of copper to form cuprous complex ions. Cu + 2NH3 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Cu (NH3)2+ + e- The cuprous complex ions formed further reacts with oxygen forming cupric complex ions 2Cu (NH3)2+ + 1/2 O2 + H2O + 4NH3 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 2Cu (NH3)42+ + 2OHà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Cuprous complex ion cupric complex ion The formation of cupric complex ions leads to stress corrosion cracking of brass in ammonia solutions. The process does not proceeds indefinitely since the attack of cupric complex ion (oxide layer) occurs at critical copper ion content which leads to decrease in corrosion rate but the cracking continues with the copper ion concentration. It is also evident from the black dark coloured product formed (Tarnish colour) on the surface that the cracks are intergranular in nature.The pores on the surface of the corrosion product were the sites for localized attack, likely to survive at the grain boundaries. In general the stress corrosion cracking in ÃŽÂ ± brass has considered being intergranular. On absence of the black coloured corrosion product it is believed that the cracks to be transgranular nature of crack. CONCLUSION: It is evident from the discussion carried out above that brass is susceptible to stress corrosion cracking in ammonia. Stress corrosion cracking was observed in the regions where residual stresses were generated leaving behind the rest of the areas which were not induced to stress. Formation of cupric complex ions leads to stress corrosion cracking of brass in ammonia solutions. The cracks formed on the brass surface can be further studied under SEM to provide detailed information on the nature of the crack formed. In order to overcome the above problem of stress corrosion cracking the following options can be opted Eliminating any one of the primary factor (Environment, material and stress) will mitigate stress corrosion cracking. Use of more cracking resistance alloys such as Cu-10Ni instead of Cu-Zn

Karen Horneys The Distrust Between the Sexes Essay -- Karen Horney Di

Karen Horney's "The Distrust Between the Sexes" In Karen Horney's "The Distrust Between the Sexes," she attempts to explain the problems in the relationships between men and women. She writes that to understand the problem you must first understand that problems stem from a common background. A large amount of suspiciousness is due to people's intensity of emotions. Early in Horney's essay, she defines passion and discusses why it is rare. People do not feel safe putting all of their faith and trust in only one other person. Horney explains that self-preservation is part of human instinct, and people have a fear of losing themselves in their loved one. Next, Horney explains how people often overlook their own impulses. The pressure from their conscience causes them to project these impulses onto their partners. Projection results in distrust of their partner's emotions toward them. As Horney moves on, she accounts for an almost unavoidable source of disappointment in our love life. It derives from intense feelings of love stirring up secret hopes for contentment. Intim... Karen Horney's The Distrust Between the Sexes Essay -- Karen Horney Di Karen Horney's "The Distrust Between the Sexes" In Karen Horney's "The Distrust Between the Sexes," she attempts to explain the problems in the relationships between men and women. She writes that to understand the problem you must first understand that problems stem from a common background. A large amount of suspiciousness is due to people's intensity of emotions. Early in Horney's essay, she defines passion and discusses why it is rare. People do not feel safe putting all of their faith and trust in only one other person. Horney explains that self-preservation is part of human instinct, and people have a fear of losing themselves in their loved one. Next, Horney explains how people often overlook their own impulses. The pressure from their conscience causes them to project these impulses onto their partners. Projection results in distrust of their partner's emotions toward them. As Horney moves on, she accounts for an almost unavoidable source of disappointment in our love life. It derives from intense feelings of love stirring up secret hopes for contentment. Intim...

Abortion Persuasive Essay Essay

Despite abortion being a highly controversial and divisive public policy issue, medical abortion is a highly feasible and healthy alternative to other, illicit abortion procedures and the availability of medical abortion should, consequently, be maximized rather than restricted. The reality is that for most women who are seeking ways to end their pregnancy a legal and safe medical abortion is just one of several options that such women are willing to go through. Without a viable and safe option for women seeking ways to end their pregnancy, many more women will engage in risky pregnancy ending behaviors, such as self-induced, non-medical, and illegal abortions. Minimizing the access to abortion services has been a policy goal of conservatives for some time, while the left has sought to increase access to medical abortion services. This debate is framed by several Supreme Court rulings, most notably the Casey v. Carhart case which affirmed women’s right to abortion, limiting th e restrictions that states can put on abortion clinics but leaving ambiguous exactly what restrictions are allowed. While states and local municipalities are not allowed to outlaw abortion clinics, they still enact and enforce severe restrictions on abortion clinics and abortion services. This creates a de facto ban on abortion in many states, particularly red states. The problem addressed in this project is the potential for severe costs of severely limiting the availability of and access to abortion services for mother seeking to end their pregnancies. Relying heavily on recent empirical studies on the health outcomes of mothers after abortions, this project begins by examining the safety, both physical and psychological, of abortions for mothers. Next, this project examines the legal issues that frame the public policy abortion debate, with a particular focus on the Casey v. Carhart case. Finally, this project presents recent findings from various organizations on the prevalence of abortions around the world and, in particular, the United States. The most important finding presented here is that abortion rates tend to remain steady regardless of whether there are several restrictions on abortions, which suggests that women who seek abortions are willing to engage in illegal and unsafe abortion procedures when no legal options are available. Because of this fact and other findings presented below, legal abortion services should be made widely available to populations across the United States. While most public policy debates on abortion focus on the  distinction between persons and non-persons, as well as the point in which a fetus is considered a person, there is considerable debate over the health outcomes of women who go through abortions. Much of the research relevant to the abortion issue focuses on the physical health outcomes of women. Creinin and Danielsson investigate recent evidence on the physical health outcomes in women after they go through abortions. This article discusses many studies concerning medically induced abortion that occur very early in pregnancies. The researchers draw conclusions about trends found in the studies and the empirical data produced by such studies. The researchers here find that medical abortions are becoming safer (121). That is, while at one point medical abortions were potential quite dangerous for women, today, evidence suggests that they are quite safe for the physical health of the women. In fact, the rate of incident is lower than most invasive procedures, the research suggests, which supports the notion that legal medical abortions are substantially safer than other ways that women seek to end their pregnancies. Only studies on legal abortions were featured in this review. While there is no empirical evidence on the safety of illegal abortions performed on women, it would seem that they are unlikely to be nearly as safe as legal medical abortions. The physical health of a woman after receiving an abortion is, of course, a very important factor in determining whether medical abortion practices area safe. However, with much more attention being paid to mental health of individuals and the importance of mental health in living a healthy and meaningful life, it is important to examine research findings on the specific mental health effects of abortion on women. In a systematic review of literature on the long-term mental health outcomes of women Charles et al. analyzes, compares, and discovers tends in the data from more than twenty studies on the long-term mental health outcomes of women who have medical and legal abortions (442). This literature review focuses very heavily on the long-term psychological health of such women and assesses the quality of the findings from each study, on a scale that extends from very poor to excellent in quality. Charles et al. effectively scan the relevant literature from 2000 to 2008 on the menta l health outcomes of women after medical abortions to find the most relevant findings. This literature review finds that most higher quality studies found almost no significant differences in the mental health outcomes of  women who have had abortions performed and those who have not. Additionally, while the studies that were much poorer in quality than the aforementioned studies more than half of the time produced findings that suggested that women who have had an abortion in their life times have significantly worse mental health outcomes. Thus, there may be two sorts of data being presented in public policy debate on abortion: data that suggests that women do not suffer negative long-term mental health consequences of abortion and data that suggests otherwise. The objective Charles et al. literature review, however, strongly supports the latter findings, suggesting that, in fact, there is support against the notion that medical abortions lead to long-term negative mental health outcomes in women. While the systematic literature review of the available data on the psychological health of women after abortions is highly useful in any attempts to determine the risks associated with legal abortions, there is a need for the presentation of much more recent research findings on this issue. Munk-Olsen et al. report the results of a study on the risks of mental disorders and threats to psychological health in women who have gone through induced abortions during their first trimesters. The results of this study are very recent and help to shed light on exactly how safe medical abortions have become. Also, the findings presented in this study have been compared to the results of other studies performed at a similar time to this study, making for more meaningful and significant results. The results of this study indicate that there is no significant difference between the prevalence of mental disorders in women who have had at least one abortion and those who have not (336). Additionally, the results of this study showed that the participants who had gone through abortions were not in significantly different mental health conditions than the participants who had not gone through abortions (336). The findings form this study lend strong support for the notion that access to abortion clinics should be maximized. One notable problem in public policy debates it the availability of data on the frequency of abortions, both legal and illegal, performed in the United States. Jones et al. presents findings about the frequency of abortions in the United States, as well as the availability of abortion services across the United States. The researchers found that in general access to legal abortion services was quite low, despite the Supreme Court ruling that women have a constitutional  right to an abortion (11). However, the authors note that all of the available data for the report did not include any data on unreported abortions, which, presumably, mostly includes illegal abortions. There is a problem emerging in regard to the availability of data on legal abortions and illegal abortions. The problem is that there is a wealth of data available on the prevalence and health outcomes of legal abortions, while there is virtually no meaningful data on illegal abortions. This is, of course, due to the fact of the illegality of such abortions. Nevertheless, it can be difficult to measure the potential harms committed in illegal abortions when not enough data is available. Additionally, comparing legal to illegal abortions and their respective maternal health outcomes is quite challenging given the differences in the availability of data. Even so, there are several assumptions that can help draw sound conclusions based on these research findings. One assumption is that legal abortion procedures tend to be safer than illegal abortion procedures. The rationale behind this assumption is that there is a greater likelihood that legal abortion procedures are performed by trained medical professionals who are qualified for such procedures. For illegal abortion procedures, neither the proper training nor the proper credentials are required. Additionally, illegal abortion procedures include self-initiated abort procedures, which are, of course, not performed by medical professionals. Another sound assumption is that as the availability of and access to legal medical abortion procedures decreases, the number of illegal and unsafe abortion procedures increases. This is because many women choose to have abortions whether legal or illegal. Easy access to a safe and legal abortion clinic is likely more preferable for most women seeking abortions. Thus, when such women do not have access to a safe and legal abortion clinic, many will still choose to have an abortion, but under much less safe conditions. Pazol et al. present a report on the prevalence of abortions in the United States. This report features a number of surveillance summaries on abortions performed. The data used to construct such summaries is provided by the Center for Disease Control. The data is compiled and then analyzed, leading to a number of summative statistics concerning the rates of abortion in the United States. The number of reported abortions is among the leading statistic in this report, as is the abortion rate by age groups and several historical data  trends. This report indicates that the number of performed abortions in the United States increased from the mid-1990s to the late 2000s (Pazol et al. 27). However, more recently, the data suggest that reported abortion numbers have fallen, as have abortion rates in the United States. The report finds that access to abortion in many parts of the country has decreased, which may help to explain why the number of reported abortions has decreased (Pazol et al. 29). The findings from this study do not include findings of unreported or ille gal abortions. Nevertheless, the findings from this study are consistent with previous findings and follow the path that the legal framework for abortion and abortion restriction policies appears to have taken with recent Supreme Court rulings. Once of the most important Supreme Court cases concerning state restrictions on abortion is the Casey v. Carhart case. The law professor Reva Siegel wrote a law review article on the Casey v. Carhart case. The ruling by the Supreme Court in this case is that states are not allowed to severely restrict women’s access to abortion services (Siegel 1724). Doing so is a violation of women’s right to an abortion, according to the Court. This ruling affirms prior rulings that have stated that states may not prohibit abortion and may not make it so difficult for a woman to get an abortion that the states have de facto banned abortion (Siegel 1729). Despite this very important ruling from the Supreme Court, states are, in many ways, still allowed to severely restrict access to abortion clinics to the point where most women seeking abortion in a state will be more likely to choose to either not have an abortion or have an illegal abortion. This is because the Supreme Court ruled that states, themselves, must be challenged on a case-by-case basis before the exact laws that restrict abortion can be deemed unconstitutional (Siegel 1736). In other words, though the Supreme Court struck down state legislation that put severe limitations on legal abortion clinics, states still have so many other limitations that have not been explicitly stricken down and, thus, can still be used by the states to effectively ban abortion. Even though the Court has stricken down several specific forms of limitations for legal abortion clinics, states have still continued to come up with new ways to limit abortion clinic practices that the Court has yet to strike down (Siegel 1732). The current state of the law concerning abortion and state policy abortion restrictions is such that states are allowed to  substantially restrict access to safe and legal abortion procedures. Another legal scholar, Mary Anne Warren, agrees that the current legal status of abortion is such that states are largely free to severely limit access to safe and legal abortion procedures, despite Supreme Court rulings that would seem to suggest otherwise (142). Warren argues that not only is the current legal status of abortion in the United States an uncertain one and one that need further clarification from the Supreme Court, but also that the Court has expressed the strong moral obligation to allow women to have abortions, yet has not done nearly enough to make this assertion hold among the states (145). Warren presents findings from several different studies and literature on the various effects of abortion, the established rates of reported abortion, and the availability of abortion clinics. The findings presented by Warren show that there is a strong contradiction in what the Supreme Court claims is the established rights of women to have an abortion and the actual state of affairs. One of the biggest issues, Warren states, with the current state of affairs for abortion is that the access to abortion differs radically by state. In some states, abortion clinics are easy to find, while in others, they are virtually non-existent due to severe limitations and restrictions imposed by the state (141). Although it is typical for states to differ substantially on many public policy issues, for several Supreme Court decisions to come down and expressly prohibit states from imposing such abortion limitations, it is a clear contradiction by the Court. From many perspectives, then, the current legal situation of abortion and abortion restrictions by the states in the United States in one that allows the states far too much leeway in how far they can restrict access to abortion. Research from 2013 suggests that more than twenty million unsafe abortions happen every year worldwide annually. However, less than two percent of these abortions occur in developed countries. Additionally, far fewer occur in the United States (Sedgh et al. 27). This finding would appear to suggest that the number of unsafe abortions is relatively low in the United States compared to the rest of the world. However, the United States has a low tolerance for abortions, compared to many of the other states included in these research findings. Moreover, the United States has a rate of maternal  fatalities for legal abortions that is less than 1 out of 10,000, with almost all of such fatalities occurring past 16 weeks after conception (World Health Organization 16). Recent research findings have confirmed the assumptions that certain clinical practices and mandates for abortion procedures lead to very safe abortions (World Health Organization 30). This finding provides substantial support in favor of keeping the availability of legal and safe abortion options available to women who are determined to get an abortion. Research findings from 2013 also suggest that â€Å"where legislation allows abortion under broad indications, the incidence of and complications from unsafe abortion are typically lower where abortion is legally more restricted† (World Health Organization 17). Furthermore, the World Health Organization reports that â€Å"where abortion is legally more restricted or available on request, a woman’s likelihood of having an unintended pregnancy and seeking induced abortion is about the same† (17). Additionally, research findings from World Health Organization reports indicate that illegal abortion practices tend to be much less safe than legal abortion practices (23). The World Health Organization findings strongly suggest that women who seek abortion services are likely to engage in some form of abortion services even when such services are unsafe or illegal. These findings are not only applicable to the world, in general, but also apply to the United States specifically. The report by the World Health Organization on the rates of abortion in countries that impose strict abortion laws and those that have not shows that when countries tighten their restrictions on abortion the actual rates of abortion tend not to decrease substantially, meaning that women who seek abortions are still having abortions performed, even when such abortions are illegal and unsafe (22). These findings support the notion that the levels of restrictions on abortions in the United States should be decreased and the availability of and access to abortion services for women should be maximized, not minimized. The evidence presented here strongly suggests that women will be better off if abortion services are made widely available. Current restrictions on abortion services, particularly through state legislative actions, are making it much more difficult for women to find abortion clinics. Many abortion clinics have closed in many states, particularly red states. The political divide on this issue is leading to states polarizing,  with many states having a very high level of abortion clinic availability and many other states having a very low level of abortion clinic availability and access. However, the Supreme Court has already ruled on this issue. It is unconstitutional for any state to outright ban abortion or make it so difficult for a woman to receive an abortion that abortion is de facto banned, meaning that for all intends and purposes abortion is banned by the state. The states that are severely limiting women’s access to safe and legal abortion procedures are not only violating the Constitutional as interpreted by the Supreme Court, but are also harming women. The fact that women will continue to seek abortion procedures, even when no safe and legal abortion procedures are available means that women are willing to cause significant bodily risk to themselves to have an abortion. With this in mind, restricting access to abort ion is creating many more risky situations than was ever intended. It should be realized that further restricting safe and legal abortion procedures in any particular state is simply hurting the women who may be seeking abortions at some point in those states. Evidence presented earlier showed that legal abortion procedures are very safe now, which means that women who seek abortions can have access to safe abortion procedures, but only if the abortion procedures in the given state are low. In states with high abortion restrictions, many women will be denied access to safe abortion procedures, despite such procedures being protected by the Constitution. By not acting to bring down the restrictions on abortions that are harming women by putting them in risky situations and continuing to tighten such restrictions, policy makers are acting irresponsibility. The topic of abortion in public policy debates is typically highly controversial and divisive. Even so, the findings presented here show that because medical abortion is a highly feasible and healthy alternative to illegal and unhealthy abortion procedures. Thus, the availability of and access to legal medical abortion procedures should be increased. As shown above, research suggests that most women who seek means end their pregnancies tend to find ways to have abortions, legal otherwise. After all, a legal and safe medical abortion is just one of several options, many of which are unsafe. Without a viable and safe option for women seeking ways to end their pregnancy, many more women will engage in risky pregnancy ending behaviors, such as self-induced, non-medical, and illegal abortions. Minimizing the access to  abortion services has been a policy goal of the right, while the left seeks to increase access to medical abortion services. The ensuing public policy debate is framed by the Casey v. Carhart case which affirmed women’s right to abortion, limiting the restrictions that states can put on abortion clinics but leaving ambiguous exactly what restrictions are allowed. While states and local municipalities are not allowed to outlaw abortion clinics, they still enact and enforce severe restrictions on abortion clinics and abortion services. This creates a de facto ban on abortion in many states, particularly red states. This project has addressed the problem of the possibility of extreme unsafe risks to women seeking abortion services when access has been severely limited by state and local policies. This project presents recent empirical studies on the health outcomes of mothers after abortions, examining the safety, both physical and psychological, of abortions for mothers. It also presented the legal issues that frame the public policy abortion debate, with a particular focus on the Casey v. Carhart case, before turning to recent findings the prevalence of abortions in the United States. Abortion rates tend to remain steady regardless of whether there are several restrictions on abortions, which suggests that women who seek abortions are willing to engage in illegal and unsafe abortion procedures when no legal options are available. This crucial finding is well supported in by research and strongly supports the concl usion of this project: legal abortion services should be made widely available to populations across the United States. Works Cited Charles, Vignetta E., et al. â€Å"Abortion and long-term mental health outcomes: a systematic review of the evidence.† Contraception 78.6 (2008): 436-450. Creinin, Mitchell D., and Kristina Gemzell Danielsson. â€Å"Medical abortion in early pregnancy.† Management of Unintended and Abnormal Pregnancy: Comprehensive Abortion Care (2009): 111-134. Githens, Marianne, and Dorothy McBride Stetson, eds. Abortion politics: public policy in cross-cultural perspective. Routledge, 2013. Jones, Rachel K., et al. â€Å"Abortion in the United States: incidence and access to services, 2005.† Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 40.1 (2008): 6-16. Munk-Olsen, Trine, et al. â€Å"Induced first-trimester abortion and risk of mental disorder.† New England Journal of Medicine 364.4 (2011): 332-339. Pazol, Karen, et al. â€Å"Abortion surveillance–United States, 2009.† MMWR Surveillance Summit 61.8 (2012): 1-44. Rohlinger, Deana A. Abortion Politics, Mass Media, and Social Movements in America. Cambridge University Press, 2014. Sedgh, Gilda, et al. â€Å"Induced abortion: estimated rates and trends worldwide.† The Lancet 37.5 (2007): 1338-1345. Siegel, Reva. â€Å"Dignity and the politics of protection: abortion restrictions under Casey/Carhart.† Yale Law Journal 117 (2008): 1694-1802. Warren, Mary Anne. â€Å"On the moral and legal status of abortion.† (2009). World Health Organization. â€Å"Unsafe abortion: global and regional estimates of incidence of unsafe abortion and associated mortality in 2008.† (2011).

The Plymouth Agreement Essays

The Plymouth Agreement Essays The Plymouth Agreement Essay The Plymouth Agreement Essay The Plymouth Agreement appears as a Organic Act document resembling a pseudo preamble. The very first statement in the document contains a legal oath made between residents â€Å" We, the associates of New-Plymouth†that found a people†(19) â€Å"Coming hither as freeborn† defines who they are as legal freeman who sworn an oath. it creates a citizen with political rights and duties†(Lutz15) â€Å"subjects of the State of England† claims loyalty to there colonial charter sponsor England. The formation of government is stated clearly in â€Å"endowed with all and singular the privileges belonging to such being assembled;†(19) Enables a power base of government through contributors in the Assembly or Court . Generally when using the the terms they are usually connected with legal and religious oaths â€Å"doe ordaine Constitute and enact†(19) are seem to empower the assembly to be the ruling representative powerâ€Å"that noe act imposition law or ordinance be made or imposed upon us at present, or to come†(19) This statement shows contempt for any other power to reign supreme over assembly other then the England thus claiming a viable sovereignty. The people of Plymouth show a willingness to be governed over by a body of their peers through means of assembly using English common law â€Å"consent of the body of associates or their representatives legally assembled; which is according to the free liberties of England. †(19) The last statement recognizes England as the legitimate power and the†body of associates† as the standing power. When contrasting The Mayflower Compact with the Plymouth Agreement the first very important difference is a complete omission element of religious covenant in Plymouth agreement comparatively. Seemingly as if the religious covenant IE.. Mayflower Compact evolved into a legal covenant IE.. Plymouth Agreement. Second the actual signing of the Mayflower compact is to bind each freeborn citizen in public sight. The Plymouth took no such liberty in making a public list of signing. In comparison they both affirmed their loyalty to England. Although the Compact shows a much closer relationship between religion and loyalty to country and King specifically. Another similarity is the use of specific legal terms. This shows intention of government and constitution building using the common law system. The Plymouth Agreement implies that the people have a self understanding of the process involved in self governing. The ability of a country to be able become a sovereign entity is a long painful journey which will soon become war. During the writing of the document the creators felt as though they were in control of there destiny. And to a large extent they were actually more on there own then they realized. Another implication of there self understanding for example in The Mayflower Compact each member signed and proclaimed an oath of responsibility to God and King . In the Plymouth Agreement the less formal process of signing and taking an oath implies that the memberships understanding of each other was more confident each others ability to take anonymous responsibility. First the direction that they as town and community were progressing. Second to make correct judgments in holding the legal system together. This implies a great deal of trust in each other to remain grounded and not allow fellow freeman to become to powerful. This document really shows a great deal of intention to become a sovereign power using very politically charged rhetoric.

Free Essays on Anonymous

Massage Therapy By: Anonymous Recently, the practice of massage therapy has grown remarkably in the United States. It has become more widely accepted as a medical practice by doctors as well as the general public. Massage is defined as: †¦the systematic manual or mechanical manipulations of the soft tissues of the body by such movements as rubbing, kneading, pressing, rolling, slapping, and tapping, for therapeutic purposes such as promoting circulation of the blood and lymph, relaxation of muscles, relief from pain, restoration of metabolic balance, and other benefits both physical and mental (Beck 3). The use of massage therapy has many benefits that even medicine or other methods of relief cannot offer. Historical evidence has led to indicate that massage was probably one of the earliest remedies for pain relief and for the restoration of the body. The roots of massage can be traced back to ancient civilizations where many artifacts have been found to support the belief that prehistoric people massaged th eir muscles and perhaps even used some form of oil. Early civilizations including ancient Chinese, Japanese, Indian, Hindu, Greek and Roman used some form of massage therapy treatment. With the decline of the Roman Empire, popularity of massage and health care in general also declined. The Renaissance period brought back the interest in health and science, and massage once again became common practice. In the following century, medical practitioners incorporated massage therapy into their healing treatments. Early in the nineteenth century, Per Henrik Ling, a physiologist and fencing master, from Sweden developed systems of movements that he found to be beneficial in improving physical conditions. Based on the science of physiology, his movements became known as Medical Gymnastics. Ling established the Royal Swedish Central Institute of Gymnastics in 1813. Ling's Medical Gymnastics was taught in his new institute and became ... Free Essays on Anonymous Free Essays on Anonymous Holocaust Remembrance Wednesday April, 30 2003 I attended Mendel Rosenburg’s speech on his own life experiences during and after the Holocaust. It is hard to believe that a person can go through many years of their life being tormented and live to talk about it. Mendel said that he would not talk about his experiences with the Holocaust for over twenty-five years. It was way too hard for him to talk or even think about his father being taken from his family and being shot right in front of him and also all the hardships he went through. This speech was very interesting to me and I now have an extreme interest in the Holocaust and would like to learn more about. Mendel Rosenburg was born in Lithuania and raised in what he called the â€Å"Lithuanian ghetto†. In 1930 Lithuania was controlled by Germany, and was under the communist rule. Mendel was taken to a concentration camp at the age of 13. June 1941 the war between Germany and Russia was going on and Russia was getting to close to Germany so the Germans started arresting all the adult male Jews. They were taking them into the desert, making them dig large holes in the dirt the shooting them and burring the in the holes that they dug themselves. On July 18, 1941 Mendel’s father was one of the men killed in the desert. The Germans wanted to get all the Jews out of Lithuania so they moved over 240,000 to a place Mendel called another ghetto. They placed his whole family in a small room with another mother and her children. Mendel and his older brother made bunks for everyone to sleep on. They made all the men left in the ghetto work all day long in agricultural fields. Food was rationed between each family so the more people in your family the less food everyone was allowed to eat. It was not long before the Germans came in to the ‘ghetto’ and demanded that all the children come with them and they would take them to a children’s concentration camp. When all the paren... Free Essays on Anonymous Massage Therapy By: Anonymous Recently, the practice of massage therapy has grown remarkably in the United States. It has become more widely accepted as a medical practice by doctors as well as the general public. Massage is defined as: †¦the systematic manual or mechanical manipulations of the soft tissues of the body by such movements as rubbing, kneading, pressing, rolling, slapping, and tapping, for therapeutic purposes such as promoting circulation of the blood and lymph, relaxation of muscles, relief from pain, restoration of metabolic balance, and other benefits both physical and mental (Beck 3). The use of massage therapy has many benefits that even medicine or other methods of relief cannot offer. Historical evidence has led to indicate that massage was probably one of the earliest remedies for pain relief and for the restoration of the body. The roots of massage can be traced back to ancient civilizations where many artifacts have been found to support the belief that prehistoric people massaged th eir muscles and perhaps even used some form of oil. Early civilizations including ancient Chinese, Japanese, Indian, Hindu, Greek and Roman used some form of massage therapy treatment. With the decline of the Roman Empire, popularity of massage and health care in general also declined. The Renaissance period brought back the interest in health and science, and massage once again became common practice. In the following century, medical practitioners incorporated massage therapy into their healing treatments. Early in the nineteenth century, Per Henrik Ling, a physiologist and fencing master, from Sweden developed systems of movements that he found to be beneficial in improving physical conditions. Based on the science of physiology, his movements became known as Medical Gymnastics. Ling established the Royal Swedish Central Institute of Gymnastics in 1813. Ling's Medical Gymnastics was taught in his new institute and became ... Free Essays on Anonymous Zen Teaching This aspect of Zen teaching, the existence of the positive in the negative is difficult for many people to comprehend, especially since it is also taught that both the positive and the negative (Yang and Yin) co-exist in interactive interdependency in what is termed the 'Tai Chi' (symbolised by the Yin and Yang aspects linked together in the two halves of a circle. But even more than this, it is further taught that the Tai Chi is only a way of conceptualizing the infinite or absolute which contains 'all that which is, and all that which is not'. This concept seems to be unique to Taoism and Buddhism, and it is usually only advanced students who enter 'mondo' (question and answer, or discussion) on topics such as these, and such matters are not frequently discussed during normal sesshin. The reason for this (apart from the complexities involved) is that Zen students arae not encouraged to consider abstract or mystical matters until they are quite advanced. Such matters as 'the infinite', and 'eternity', are termed 'the song of the absolute', and we are warned in the precepts, "Be diligent in your practice, and on hearing the music of the absolute, do not be so foolish as to try to sing its song." This statement is in fact a reference to the difference between experiential learning (learning through experience) and cognitive learning (learning through study). In meditation we lose awareness of the ego, and might sthus sometimes lose awareness of the 'self'. Although this does happen without meditation (and without Zen) for some people, it is more usual for it to occur in a meditative state. It is an essential precursor to deep meditation, and to a state or attitude known as 'kufu' (the technique beyond technique). What the student is being told in the above precept is that although such states can and do occur, they are experiential rather than cognitive, which is to say t... Free Essays on Anonymous Venus and Mars, Adam and Eve, Birds and the Bees; what are the different between the two sexes? Both are from the same human race and both have the same basic human needs, but the word â€Å"human† can’t describe the differences between the two. They are two different entities, each acting within their own unique way. They can also be the same in many ways, but different in the other way. When combined, in love, they form into one. Female and Male need each other. They would feel lonely and depress without one another causing their life to be much difficult. Female and male mentality is totally different. In terms of evolution, the males are known as the hunters roam the land in order to provide food and shelter for the family. This is usually done in groups because hunting cannot be done alone since there are many dangers back in the day. This can explain why males usually always make friends so easily. To make networks, a male has to be more outgoing, cooperative, and resourcefulness. This explains the current mentality that males display in modern culture. The smartest and the bravest male are usually the leaders and the rest follows. This can be seen in grade and middle school when the bad boy or the loudest boy is usually the most popular. This feeling or mentality was programmed into males through millions of years of evolution. By hunting, males had to be hardened to survive. From the millions of years of hunting which required many physical strength and ability. Gradually males became more physical built, while females stayed at home taking care of housework which required less physical strength. Thus explaining why males are usually bigger and stronger then females. Females on the other hand were the gatherers back in millions of years ago. They weren’t forced to deal with the harsh conditions of hunting, instead they gathered. Gathering requires less physical work and has less strain on the body, ...